Archive for April, 2013

PostHeaderIcon Extract AVR IC Microcontroller

Extract AVR IC Microcontroller embedded firmware from program memory and data memory, crack AVR MCU tamper resistance system can help to readout MCU code;

Extract AVR IC Microcontroller embedded firmware from program memory and data memory, crack AVR MCU tamper resistance system can help to readout MCU code;

Extract AVR IC Microcontroller embedded firmware from program memory and data memory, crack AVR MCU tamper resistance system can help to readout MCU code;

The same test was applied to a chip with a programmed security fuse. the memory gets fully erased before the security fuse is erased. However some security flaws still could exist. Although nothing could be extracted directly by reading the memory when the fuse is erased, power glitch tricks could work. For example, after seven minutes of exposure to the UV light (253 nm peak, 12 mW/cm2) the memory content can be read non-corrupted at VDD below 2.2 V, but the security fuse remains active up to 4.8 V.

If the attacker works out the exact time when the data from memory is latched into the output shift register and the time when the state of the security fuse is checked, he might be able to extract the memory contents by reducing the power supply down to 2 V for the data latching and increasing it to 5 V to make the security fuse inactive.

PostHeaderIcon Extract AVR MCU Firmware

Extract AVR MCU Firmware from flash and eeprom memory, disable the security fuse bit of AVR microcontroller and unlock microprocessor program memory, read the firmware out from AVR MCU;

Extract AVR MCU Firmware from flash and eeprom memory, disable the security fuse bit of AVR microcontroller and unlock microprocessor program memory, read the firmware out from it;

Extract AVR MCU Firmware from flash and eeprom memory, disable the security fuse bit of AVR microcontroller and unlock microprocessor program memory, read the firmware out from it;

The first experiment was performed on the Microchip PIC12C509 microcontroller with UV EPROM. The chip was programmed with all 0’s and exposed to UV light for different periods of time. Then it was read in the test board at different power supply voltages to estimate the threshold level for each EPROM cell in the memory array.

We assumed that the reference voltage is tied to the power supply line and therefore the threshold level of the transistor VTH = K VDD, where K is usually close to 0.5. The fact that we do not measure the exact threshold voltage of the transistor does not affect our results because we are interested in the relative erase timing between the memory and the security fuse.

PostHeaderIcon Extract PLD Chip Eeprom

Extract PLD Chip Eeprom out, the format of the readout file from PLD chip memory will be JED, crack PLD chip protective mechanism to reset the PLD to unlock status;

Extract PLD Chip Eeprom out, the format of the readout file from PLD chip memory will be JED, crack PLD chip protective mechanism to reset the PLD to unlock status;

Extract PLD Chip Eeprom out, the format of the readout file from PLD chip memory will be JED, crack PLD chip protective mechanism to reset the PLD to unlock status;

We undertook the evaluation of some microcontrollers with different memory types to investigate the possible influence of data remanence on EPROM, EEPROM and Flash memories. For that purpose we built a special test board controlled by a PC via a parallel interface (Figure 44). The board has two programmable power supplies for generating VDD and VPP voltages, a programming interface with bidirectional voltage level converters, and sockets for microcontroller chips. That allowed us to control the voltages applied to the chip under test with 100 µV precision and apply any signals within a 1 µs time frame.

PostHeaderIcon Extract PLD IC Source Code

Extract PLD IC Source Code from PLD chip memory, crack PLD IC tamper resistance system and disable the security fuse bit, readout the firmware from PLD IC memory;

Extract PLD IC Source Code from PLD chip memory, crack PLD IC tamper resistance system and disable the security fuse bit, readout the firmware from PLD IC memory

Extract PLD IC Source Code from PLD chip memory, crack PLD IC tamper resistance system and disable the security fuse bit, readout the firmware from PLD IC memory

Obviously, in a floating gate memory cell, the floating gate itself cannot be accessed. Its voltage is controlled through capacitive coupling with the external nodes of the device. Often, the floating-gate transistor is modelled by a capacitor equivalent circuit called the capacitor model. In practice, write/erase characteristics for many EEPROM/Flash memories are close to that of a charge/discharge of a capacitor. Meanwhile there are some differences in how the charge/discharge process takes place in real memory cells. There is an initial delay between the time the voltages are applied to the cell, and the charge starting to be removed or injected.

This delay is caused by the need for very high electric fields to be created inside the floating-gate transistor to start the injection or tunnelling process. Some EEPROM cells have been reported to have nonuniformity during the erase operation. As a result, it might take longer to erase a half-charged cell than a fully-charged cell. In addition, an ideal capacitor discharges exponentially: q = q0 e−t. Applied to the floating gate, that would mean that after t=10 the charge is totally removed from the cell.In practice this doesn’t happen, because the  parameters of the cell’s transistor change as the charge is removed from its floating gate. All the above-mentioned problems could seriously affect data remanence in floating-gate memories.

The main difficulty with analysis of the floating-gate memory devices, especially EEPROM and Flash, is the variety of different designs and implementations from many semiconductor manufacturers. There are hundreds of different types of floating-gate transistor, each with its own characteristics and peculiarities. It means that for security applications where data remanence could cause problems, careful testing should be applied to the specific non-volatile memory device used in the system.

PostHeaderIcon Extract PLD IC Firmware

Extract PLD IC Firmware include program of flash memory and data of eeprom memory, PLD IC embedded content can be cloned and copy the code to new PLD chip;

Extract PLD IC Firmware include program of flash memory and data of eeprom memory, PLD IC embedded content can be cloned and copy the code to new PLD chip;

Extract PLD IC Firmware include program of flash memory and data of eeprom memory, PLD IC embedded content can be cloned and copy the code to new PLD chip;

Programmed floating-gate memories cannot store information forever. Various processes (such as field-assisted electron emission and ionic contamination) cause the floating gate to lose the charge, and go faster at higher temperatures. Another failure mode in the very thin tunnel oxides used in Flash memories is programming disturb, where unselected erased cells adjacent to selected cells gain charge when the selected cell is written.

This is not enough to change the cell threshold sufficiently to upset a normal read operation, but could cause problems to the data retention time and should be considered during measurement of the threshold voltage of the cells for data analysis and information recovery. Typical guaranteed data retention time for EPROM, EEPROM and Flash memories are 10, 40 and 100 years respectively.

PostHeaderIcon Extract PLD MCU Code

Extract PLD MCU Code from program memory and data eeprom, cut off the fuse bit embedded inside PLD chip by MCU cracking technique and readout code from PLD.

Extract PLD MCU Code from program memory and data eeprom, cut off the fuse bit embedded inside PLD chip by MCU cracking technique and readout code from PLD

Extract PLD MCU Code from program memory and data eeprom, cut off the fuse bit embedded inside PLD chip by MCU cracking technique and readout code from PLD

The changes in the cell threshold voltage caused by write/erase cycles are particularly apparent in virgin and freshly-programmed cells. It is possible to differentiate between programmed-and-erased and never-programmed cells, especially if the cells have only been programmed and erased once, since virgin cell characteristics will differ from the erased cell characteristics. The changes become less noticeable after ten program/erase cycles.

PostHeaderIcon Extract ARM Chip

Decapsulate ARM MCU package and extract ARM Chip locked memory content from ARM MCU memory needs to get access to databus of ARM MCU by cracking MCU fuse;

Decapsulate ARM MCU package and extract ARM Chip locked memory content from ARM MCU memory needs to get access to databus of ARM MCU by cracking MCU fuse

Decapsulate ARM MCU package and extract ARM Chip locked memory content from ARM MCU memory needs to get access to databus of ARM MCU by cracking MCU fuse

Another phenomenon which helps with this is overerasing. If the erase cycle is applied to an already-erased cell, it leaves the floating gate positively charged, thus turning the memory transistor into a depletion-mode transistor. To avoid this problem, some devices, for example Intel’s original ETOX devices, first program all cells to 0’s before erasing them to 1’s. In later devices this problem was solved by redesigning the cell to avoid excessive overerasing, however even with this protection there is still a noticeable threshold shift when a virgin cell is programmed and erased.

PostHeaderIcon Extract ARM IC Embeded Program

Extract ARM IC Embeded Program from ARM Microcontroller memory, crack ARM microprocessor security fuse bit by focus ion beam and readout the code from MCU;

Extract ARM IC Embeded Program from ARM Microcontroller memory, crack ARM microprocessor security fuse bit by focus ion beam and readout the code from MCU

Extract ARM IC Embeded Program from ARM Microcontroller memory, crack ARM microprocessor security fuse bit by focus ion beam and readout the code from MCU

The amount of trapped charge can be detected by measuring the gate-induced drain leakage current of the cell, or its effect can be observed indirectly by measuring the threshold voltage of the cell. In older devices, which had the reference voltage for the sense amplifier tied to the device supply voltage, it was often possible to do this by varying the device supply voltage. In newer devices, it is necessary to change the parameters of the reference cell used in the IC firmware reverse engineering process, either by re-wiring portions of the cell circuitry or by using undocumented test modes built into the device by manufacturers.

PostHeaderIcon Extract ARM MCU IC Chip

Extract ARM MCU IC Chip embedded firmware from program memory and data memory, unlock secured microcontroller by focus ion beam facilities and copy extracted code from open microprocessor;

Extract ARM MCU IC Chip embedded firmware from program memory and data memory, unlock secured microcontroller by focus ion beam facilities and copy extracted code from open microprocessor;

Extract ARM MCU IC Chip embedded firmware from program memory and data memory, unlock secured microcontroller by focus ion beam facilities and copy extracted code from open microprocessor;

There are two basic processes that allow placing the electrons on the floating gate – Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling and channel hot electron (CHE) injection. Both processes are destructive to the very thin dielectric between the floating gate and the channel of a transistor.

As a result, the number of possible cycles is limited because the floating gate slowly accumulates electrons, causing a gradual increase in the storage transistor’s threshold voltage and programming time. After a certain amount of program/erase cycles (typical values were represented in Table 1) it is no longer possible to erase or program the cell. Another negative effect (which is the main restoring failure mode for Flash memory) is negative charge trapping in the gate oxide. It inhibits CHE injection and tunnelling, changes the write and erase times of the cell, and shifts its threshold voltage.

PostHeaderIcon Extract FPGA Chip

Extract FPGA Chip encrypted firmware from secured flash memory and ROM memory, the format will be binary or heximal which can be readout directly by universal programmer after unlock FPGA chip;

Extract FPGA Chip encrypted firmware from secured flash memory and ROM memory, the format will be binary or heximal which can be readout directly by universal programmer after unlock FPGA chip;

Extract FPGA Chip encrypted firmware from secured flash memory and ROM memory, the format will be binary or heximal which can be readout directly by universal programmer after unlock FPGA chip;

Unlike SRAM which has only two stable logic states, EPROM, EEPROM and Flash cells actually store analog values in the form of a charge on the floating gate of a MOS transistor. The floating-gate charge shifts the threshold voltage of the cell transistor and this is detected with a sense amplifier when the cell is read. The maximum charge the floating gate can accumulate varies from one technology to another and normally is between 103 and 105 electrons. For standard 5 V EEPROM cell, programming causes about a 3.5 V shift in the threshold level. Some modern Flash memory devices employ multiple level detection against IC flash copying, thus increasing the capacity of the memory. There are also memory devices with full analog design which store charge proportional to the input voltage.